Before Ad 1100, Which Drawing Surface Was Used In Europe?

As long as we humans have been able to use our hands, we have been creating art. From early cavern paintings to the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, homo artistic expression tin can tell us a lot about the lives of the people who create it. To fully appreciate the cultural, social, and historical significance of dissimilar artworks, you need to be aware of the broad art history timeline. This article presents an overview of many significant eras of art creation and the historical contexts out of which they have risen.

Table of Contents

• 1 Art Eras: Where to Brainstorm?
• 2 A Cursory Overview of the Art Periods Timeline
• three A Comprehensive Art Motility Timeline
  • three.1 The Romanesque Period (grand-1300): Sharing Data Through Art
  • 3.2 The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Freedom and Fear Come Together
  • 3.3 The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Fine art Era That Never Really Existed
  • iii.iv Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Time to come of Kitsch
  • 3.v The Bizarre Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Ability and the Charade of the Eye
  • three.6 The Rococo Art Catamenia (1725-1780): Light and Blusterous, a French Fancy
  • iii.vii Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing It Back to Classic Times
  • three.8 Romanticism (1790-1850): A Break from the Severity of it All
  • 3.9 Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity
  • three.x Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Modernistic Fine art
  • 3.xi Symbolism (1890-1920): There is Always More than Than Meets the Eye
  • three.12 Art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Gold of Gustav Klimt
  • 3.13 Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Border to the Debate
  • 3.14 Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Dorsum Together Again
  • 3.15 Futurism (1909-1945): Artistic Anarchism
  • 3.16 Dadaism (1912-1920): The Truthful Reality That Life is Nonsense
  • 3.17 Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Just Get More Bizzare
  • 3.18 The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical
  • 3.19 Abstract Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Abroad from Europe
  • 3.20 Pop-Art (1955-1969): Art is Everything
  • three.21 Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modernistic Fine art

Art Eras: Where to Begin?

As long as humankind has been conscious of itself, it has been creating art to represent this cocky. The primeval cave paintings that we are aware of were created roughly 40,000 years ago. We have found paintings and drawings of human action from the Paleolithic Era under rocks and in caves. Nosotros cannot truly know the reason why these early humans began to produce art. Maybe painting and cartoon were a way to record their lived experiences, to tell stories to young children, or to pass down wisdom from 1 generation to the next.

These prehistoric rock paintings are in Manda Guéli Cave in the Ennedi Mountains, Chad, Cardinal Africa. Camels have been painted over earlier images of cattle, perchance reflecting climatic changes;David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Although we have these exquisite examples of early artistic expression, the official history of art periods only begins with the Romanesque Era. Official art era timelines do not include cave paintings, sculptures, and other works of fine art from the stone historic period or the beautiful frescos produced in Arab republic of egypt and Crete in effectually 2000 BC. The reason backside this conclusion is that these early on eras of artistic expression were bound to a relatively small-scale geographical infinite. The official fine art eras that we will exist discussing today, in contrast, span across many countries, often all of Europe and sometimes Northward and South America.

Despite their lack of official recognition, these earliest examples of human creative flair raise a lot of interesting questions. Why is information technology that the animals depicted in cave paintings are then much more than realistic and bright than the animals represented in later eras?

This commodity hopes to give you some insight into the always-changing artistic style of the human artistic heed every bit nosotros explore the complexities of the dissimilar art periods.

A Brief Overview of the Art Periods Timeline

As with many areas of homo history, it is impossible to delineate the different art periods with precision. The dates presented in the brackets below are approximations based on the progression of each movement across several countries. Many of the art periods overlap considerably, with some of the more recent eras occurring at the aforementioned time. Some eras terminal for a few m years while others span less than x. Art is a continuous process of exploration, where more than recent periods grow out of existing ones.

Art Period	Years
Romanesque	100 – 1150
Gothic	1140 – 1600
Renaissance	1495 – 1527
Mannerism	1520 – 1600
Bizarre	1600 – 1725
Rococo	1720 – 1760
Neoclassicism	1770 – 1840
Romanticism	1800 – 1850
Realism	1840 – 1870
Pre-Raphaelite	1848 – 1854
Impressionism	1870 – 1900
Naturalism	1880 – 1900
Postal service-Impressionism	1880 – 1920
Symbolism	1880 – 1910
Expressionism	1890 – 1939
Art Noveau	1895 – 1915
Cubism	1905 – 1939
Futurism	1909 – 1918
Dadaism	1912 – 1923
New Objectivity	1918 – 1933
Precisionism	1920 – 1950
Fine art Deco	1920 – 1935
Bauhaus	1920 – 1925
Surrealism	1924 – 1945
Abstruse Expressionism	1945 – 1960
Popular-Art / Op Art	1956 – 1969
Arte Povera	1960 – 1969
Minimalism	1960 – 1975
Photorealism	1968 – now
Lowbrow Pop Surrealism	1970 – now
Contemporary Art	1978 – now

It may seem foreign for our account of the art period timeline to end 30 years ago. The concept of an art era seems inadequate to capture the variety of artistic styles that have grown since the plow of the 21st Century. In that location is a feeling among some art historians that the traditional concept of painting has died in our era of fast-track living. Nosotros do not take this stance. Instead, we continue to share our unique homo experiences through the medium of art, just every bit the cave people did, exterior of our modern organisation of nomenclature.

Biergarten (c. 1915) by Max Liebermann;Max Liebermann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

A Comprehensive Art Move Timeline

It is fourth dimension to dive a little deeper into the social, cultural, and historical contexts of each of the distinct fine art eras we presented above. You will see how many eras accept influence from those before them. Art, like human consciousness, is continuously evolving. Information technology is also important to note that this fine art timeline is a history of Western and predominantly European art.

The Romanesque Period (1000-1300): Sharing Information Through Art

Art historians typically consider the Romanesque art era to be the first of the art history timeline. Romanesque art developed during the rise of Christianity ca. 1000 Ad. During this time, only a small-scale percentage of the European population were literate. The ministers of the Christian church were typically part of this minority, and to spread the message of the bible, they needed an alternative method.

Christian objects, stories, deities, saints, and ceremonies were the exclusive field of study of most Romanesque paintings. Intended to teach the masses most the values and beliefs of the Christian Church, Romanesque paintings had to be simple and easy to read.

As a result, Romanesque works of art are uncomplicated, with bold contours and clean areas of color. Romanesque paintings lack whatever depth of perspective, and the imagery is rarely of natural scenes. In that location were several dissimilar forms that Romanesque paintings could take, including wall paintings, mosaics, panel paintings, and book paintings.

Due to the Christian purpose backside Romanesque paintings, they are almost always symbolic. The relative importance of the figures within the paintings is shown by the size, with the more important figures appearing much larger. You can see that human being faces are frequently distorted, and the stories depicted in these paintings tend to have a high emotional value. Romanesque paintings often include mythological creatures like dragons and angels, and almost always appear in churches.

At the most primal level, paintings of the Romanesque period serve the purpose of spreading the word of the bible and Christianity. The proper noun of this art era stems from round arches used in Roman architecture, often found in churches of the time.

Chantry frontal from Avià, c. 1200; Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Freedom and Fearfulness Come up Together

1 of the well-nigh famous eras, Gothic fine art grew out of the Romanesque catamenia in France and is an expression of 2 contrasting feelings of the age. On the 1 hand, people were experiencing and celebrating a new level of freedom of thought and religious understanding. On the other, in that location was a fear that the world was coming to an terminate. You can conspicuously see the expression of these 2 contrasting tensions inside the art of the Gothic menses.

Just as in the Romanesque menstruation, Christianity lay at the middle of the tensions of the Gothic era. Every bit more freedom of thought emerged, and many pushed against conformity, the subjects of paintings became more diverse. The stronghold of the church began to dissipate.

Gothic paintings portrayed scenes of real human life, such equally working in the fields and hunting. The focus moved abroad from divine beings and mystical creatures equally more focus was given to the intricacies of what it meant to exist human.

Human figures received a lot more attention during the Gothic menses. Gothic artists fleshed out more realistic man faces as they became more than individual, less two-dimensional, and less inanimate. The development of a three-dimensional perspective is thought to take facilitated this change. Painters besides paid more attention to things of personal value like wearable, which they painted realistically with beautiful folds.

The Raising of Lazarus(1310-1311) past Duccio di Buoninsegna;Duccio di Buoninsegna, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Many historians believe that part of the reason why the subjects of art became more than diverse during the Gothic era was due to the increased surface area for painting within churches. Gothic churches were more than expansive than those of the Romanesque flow, which is idea to represent the increased feelings of freedom at this fourth dimension.

Alongside the newfound liberty of artistic expression, in that location was a deep fearfulness that the end of the world was coming. It is suggested that this was accompanied past a gradual decline in organized religion in the church building, and this in turn may accept spurred the expansion of fine art exterior of the church. In fact, towards the cease of the Gothic era, works past Hieronymus von Bosch, Breughel, and others were unsuitable for placement within a church building.

We do non know many individual artists who painted in the Romanesque period, as fine art was not about who painted it but rather the message information technology carried. Thus, the move away from the church building tin also exist seen in the enormous increase in known artists from the Gothic period, including Giotto di Bondone. Schools of art began to sally throughout France, Italia, Deutschland, the Netherlands, and other parts of Europe.

The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Fine art Era That Never Really Existed

The Renaissance era is perhaps one of the most well-known, featuring artists similar Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. This era continued to focus on the individual human equally its inspiration and took influence from the art and philosophy of the ancient Romans and Greeks. The Renaissance can exist seen every bit a cultural rebirth.

A part of this cultural rebirth was the returned focus on the natural and realistic world in which humans lived. The iii-dimensional perspective became fifty-fifty more important to the art of the Renaissance, as is aptly demonstrated by Michelangelo'south statue ofDavid.This statue harkened back to the works of the ancient Greeks as information technology was consciously created to be seen from all angles. Statues of the concluding 2 eras had been two-dimensional, intended to be viewed but from the front end.

Michelangelo'south David (1501-1504); Livioandronico2013, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The same three-dimensional perspective carried over into the paintings of the Renaissance era. Frescos that were invented effectually 3000 years prior were given new life past Renaissance painters. Scenes became more circuitous, and the representation of humans became much more than nuanced. Renaissance artists painted human bodies and faces in three dimensions with a strong emphasis on realism. The paint used during the Renaissance period as well represented a shift from tempera paints to oil paints. The Renaissance period is oft credited every bit the very start of great Dutch landscape paintings.

Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Future of Kitsch

Of course, this heading is partly in jest. Not all of the art produced in this era is what we would sympathise today every bit "kitsch". What we empathize kitsch to mean today is frequently artificial, cheaply fabricated, and without much 'classic' gustatory modality. Instead, the reason nosotros describe the art of this period as being kitsch is due to the relative over-exaggeration that characterized it. Stemming from the newfound freedom of human being expression in the Renaissance menses, artists began to explore their own unique and private artistic style, or manner.

Michelangelo himself, in fact, is not free from the exaggeration that distinguishes this era. Some art historians do not consider some of his later on paintings to be works of the Renaissance menses. The expression of feelings and human gestures, even items of clothing, is exaggerated deliberately in mannerist paintings.

The minor South-curve of the human being trunk that characterizes the Renaissance way is transformed into an unnatural bending of the trunk. This is the first European style that attracted artists from beyond Europe to its birthplace in Italian republic.

Madonna with Long Neck (1534-1540) by Parmigianino;Parmigianino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Baroque Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Power and the Deception of the Center

The progression of fine art celebrating the lives of humans over the power of the divine continued into the Baroque era. Kings, princes, and even popes began to prefer to see their ain power and prestige celebrated through art than that of God. The over-exaggeration that classified Mannerism as well connected into the Baroque menstruation, with the scenes of paintings becoming increasingly unrealistic and magnificent.

Baroque paintings often showed scenes where Kings would be ascending into the heavens, mingling with the angels, and reaching ever closer to the divinity and power of God. Here, we actually can run into the progression of human self-importance, and although the subject matter does not move away entirely from religious symbolism, human being is increasingly the central power inside the compositions.

New materials that glorify wealth and condition similar gold and marble go the prized materials for sculptures. Opposites of lite and nighttime, warm and cold colors, and symbols of good and evil are emphasized beyond what is naturally occurring. Art academies increased in their numbers, as art became a way to display your wealth, power, and status.

Baroque ceiling frescoes of Cathedral in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Work of Italian master Giulio Quaglio in 1703–1706 and later on 1721–1723;Petar Milošević, CC By-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The Rococo Art Period (1725-1780): Lite and Airy, a French Fancy

The paintings from the Rococo era are typical of the French aristocracy of the time. The name stems from the French word rocaille which means "shellwork". The solid forms which characterized the Baroque menstruation softened into light, air, and want. Paintings of this era were no longer strong and powerful, merely light and playful.

The colors were lighter and brighter, almost transparent in some instances. Many pieces of art from this period neglected religious themes, although some artists like Tiepolo did create frescos in many churches.

Much like the attitude of the French aristocracy of the time, the art of the Rococo menses is totally removed from the social reality. The shepherd's idyll became the theme of this period, representing life as lite and carefree, without the constraints of economic or social hardship.

Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing Information technology Back to Classic Times

Classicism, similar the Rococo era, began in France in around 1770. In dissimilarity to the Rococo era, all the same, Classism reverted to earlier, more serious styles of creative expression. Much similar the Renaissance period, Classisim took inspiration from classic Roman and Greek art.

The fine art created in the Classicism era reverted to strict forms, 2-dimensional colors, and human figures. The tone of these paintings was undoubtedly strict. Colors lost their symbolism. The art produced in this era was used internationally to instill feelings of patriotism in the people of each nation. Parts of Classicism include Louis-Sieze, Empire, and Biedermeier.

A Babyhood Idyll (1900) by William Bouguereau;William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

Romanticism (1790-1850): A Break from the Severity of it All

You can see from the dates that this art era occurred at effectually the aforementioned time every bit Classicism. Romanticism is oft seen as an emotionally charged reaction to the stern nature of Classicism. In contrast to the strict and realistic nature of the Classicism era, the paintings of the Romantic era were much more sentimental.

The exploration of the intangible; emotions and the subconscious, took center-phase. Around this time, people began to go hiking in an attempt to explore the natural world. It was non, even so, the true reality of the natural world which they intended to discover, simply the way it made them feel.

There is no tangible or precisely determinable way to the art of the Romanticism period. English and French painters tended to focus on the effects of shadows and lights, while the art produced by German painters tended to have more gravity of thought to them. The Romantic painters were often criticized and even mocked for their interpretation of the world around them.

Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity

Equally the Romanticism era was a reactionary movement to the Classicism menses before it, so is Realism a reaction to Romanticism. In contrast to the beautiful and deeply emotional content of Romantic paintings, Realist artists presented both the skillful and beautiful, the ugly and evil. The reality of the earth is presented in an unembellished fashion by Realism painters.

These artists attempt to show the earth, people, nature, and animals, as they truly are. In that location is a focus on the "obligation of art into truth" as Gustave Courbet puts it.

Simply as with Romanticism, Realism was not popular with everyone. The paintings are non particularly pleasing to the middle and some critics take commented that despite the artist's claims of realism, erotic scenes somehow miss the real eroticism. Goethe criticizes Realism, saying that fine art should be platonic, not realistic. Schiller too calls Realism "mean," indicating the harshness that many of the paintings portray.

Proudhon and His Children(1865) by Gustave Courbet; Gustave Courbet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Modern Art

Historians oftentimes paint the Impressionist motility as the beginning of the modern historic period. Impressionist fine art is said to take closed the book on classical music and other classical forms of art. Impressionism is likewise mayhap, after Cubism, ane of the well-nigh easily recognizable art periods. Featuring artists similar Claude Monet and Vincent van Gough, Impressionism broke away from the smooth castor strokes and areas of solid color that characterized many art periods earlier it.

Initially, the word Impressionism was like a swear word in the art world, with critics believing that these artists did not paint with technique, but rather simply smeared pigment onto a canvas. The brushstrokes indeed were a meaning departure from those that came before them, sometimes becoming furiously wild. Distinct shapes and lines disappeared into a whirlwind of colors. Individual dots of completely new colors were put together, particularly in the pointillism variety of Impressionist paintings. The subjects of Impressionist paintings could oftentimes only be recognized from a distance.

View of Vetheuil sur Seine(1880) by Claude Monet;Claude Monet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

A significant change that occurred during the Impressionist era was that painting began to have identify "en-plein-air," or exterior. Much of the Impressionist artist's power to capture the complex and always-changing colors of the natural world were a result of this shift.

Impressionist artists besides began to move away from the desire to lecture and teach, preferring to create fine art for art'south sake. Galleries and international exhibitions became increasingly important.

Symbolism (1890-1920): There is Always More Than Meets the Eye

During this period, the era of Symbolism began to accept hold in France. Artists became preoccupied with the representation of feelings and thoughts through objects. The favorite themes of the Symbolism movement were death, sickness, sin, and passion. The forms were mostly articulate, a fact which art historians believe was anticipating the Art Nouveau era.

Art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Gold of Gustav Klimt

Although Gustav Klimt was by no means the most important artist in the Art Nouveau motility, he is 1 of the nearly well-known. His style perfectly encapsulates the Art Nouveau movement with soft, curved lines, lots of florals, and the stylistic characterization of human being figures. In many countries, this style is known as the Secession style.

The Kiss (1907-1908) by Gustav Klimt;Gustav Klimt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

The art produced in the Fine art Nouveau menstruation includes a lot of symmetry and is characterized by playfulness and youthfulness. Art Nouveau has a lot of political content, although many critics ignore this and concur the decorative aspects against it. Through the art of the Art Nouveau period, artists attempted to bring nature back into industrial cities.

Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Edge to the Fence

In the Expressionism art era, we once over again see a resurgence of the importance of the expression of subjective feelings. The artists within this movement were non interested in naturalism or what things await similar on the outside. Every bit a effect, there is a certain tinge of assailment in some Expressionist paintings, which are often archaic and slightly wild.

Expressionism originated in Deutschland and is intended to dissimilarity Impressionism. Towards the starting time of the First World War, Expressionist paintings had a disturbing intensity about them. Intended to criticize power and the standing social club, Expressionism spread these political ideas through the medium of pigment. Art was beginning to go political.

Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Back Together Again

Outset with 2 artists, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, the Cubist movement was all virtually fragmentation, geometric shapes, and multiple perspectives. The dimensional planes of everyday objects were broken down into dissimilar geometric segments and put back together in a fashion that presented the object from multiple sides simultaneously.

Cubism was a rejection of all the rules of traditional western painting and has had a strong influence on the styles of art that accept followed it.

Guitar and Glasses (1912) by Juan Gris;Juan Gris, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Futurism (1909-1945): Artistic Anarchism

Futurism is less of an artistic mode and more than of an artistically inspired political movement. Founded by Tommaso Marinetti'due southFuturist Manifesto, which rejected social organization and Christian morality, the Futurist era was full of chaos, hostility, aggression, and anger. Although Marinetti was not a painter himself, painting became the virtually prominent form of art within the Futurist move.

These artists vehemently rejected the rules of Classical painting, believing that everything that was passed through generations (beliefs, traditions, organized religion) was suspicious and dangerous. The militant nature of the Futurist movement has resulted in many people believing that it was besides close to fascism.

Dadaism (1912-1920): The True Reality That Life is Nonsense

Dada means a neat many things and nothing at all. The writer Hugo Ball discovered that this small discussion has several different meanings in different languages and at the same time, as a word, information technology meant nothing at all. The Dadaism move is based on the concepts of illogic and provocation and was seen as non only an fine art motion, but an anti-war motion.

The illogic of existing rules, norms, traditions, and values was called into question by the Dadaist move. The art movement encompassed several art forms including writing, poetry, dance, and performance art. Function of the motility was to call into question what could be classified as "art".

Dadaism represents the beginnings of activeness art in which painting becomes more than than just a portrait of reality, just rather an affiliation of the social, cultural, and subjective parts of being homo.

Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Merely Get More than Bizzare

As if the pure illogic nature of the Dadaism movement was not outlandish enough, the Surrealists took the dream globe to be the fountain of all truth. One of the about famous Surrealist artists is Salvador Dali, and you are spring to know his painting Melting Lookout (1954).

Surrealism is fundamentally psychoanalytical, and many Surrealist artists would paint directly from their dreams. Sometimes dealing with uncomfortable concepts, hidden desires, and taboos, Surrealism was a directly critique of the ingrained ideas and beliefs of the bourgeoise. As you tin imagine, this style of fine art was not popular when it began, simply information technology has greatly influenced the world of modern art.

Infinite and time (in homage to L.V. Beethoven) (1974) by Italian painter William Girometti;William Girometti, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical

As the surrealists were attempting to move away from the world of concrete, concrete, and visible objects, the New Objectivity motility turned towards these ideas. Many of the themes within New Objective art were social critiques. The turbulence of the war left many people searching for some kind of order to hold onto, and this can be seen clearly in the art of New Objectivity.

The images represented in New Objectivity were often cold, unemotional, and technical, with some favorite subjects being the radio and lightbulbs. Every bit is the case with many modernistic movements in art, there were several unlike wings to the New Objectivity move.

Abstruse Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Abroad from Europe

Abstruse Expressionism is said to exist the first art movement to originate outside of Europe. Emerging from North America, Abstract Expressionism focused on color-field painting and action paintings. Rather than using a canvas and a brush, buckets of pigment would be poured on the ground, and artists used their fingers to create images.

With well-known artists similar Marc Tobey and Jackson Pollock, this art movement was distinct from whatsoever that came before it. The application of the paint was sometimes so thick that the finished piece would take on a form dissimilar whatever painting before it. Abstract Expressionism spread throughout Europe. As with all art, at that place are always critics, with conservative Americans during the common cold war calling it "united nations-American."

Pop-Art (1955-1969): Art is Everything

For the artists of Pop-Art, everything in the world was art. From advertisements, tin cans, toothpaste, and toilets,everythingis fine art. Popular-Art developed simultaneously in the United states of america and England and is characterized by uniform blocks of color and clear lines and contours. Painting and graphic art became influenced by photorealism and serial prints. One of the most famous English Popular artists is David Hockney, although only a few of his lifetime paintings were in this move.

A detail of Roy Lichtenstein's Wall Explosion 2, 1965; Colin McLaughlin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Eatables

Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modernistic Art

Starting in the 1980s, Neo-Expressionism emerged with large-format representational and life-affirming paintings. Berlin was a central bespeak for this new movement, and the designs typically featured cities and big-city life. The proper name Neo-Expressionism emerged from Fauvism, and although the artists in Berlin disbanded in 1989, some artists continued to pigment in this mode in New York.

Art is a central part of what information technology ways to be human being. Many of the troubles and joys we feel tin can simply exist captured accurately through artistic expression. We hope that this short summary of the art periods timeline has helped you lot gain some more than insight into the contexts surrounding some of the well-nigh famous works of art created by the man race.

We've also created a web story about art periods.

Source: https://artincontext.org/art-periods/

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